Haemophilia: Symptoms & Transmission ||Class 12 Biology

By -
  Haemophilia is a sex linked or X-linked recessive disease which is transmitted from an unaffected carrier female to some of the male offsprings. 

  Haemophilia has featured prominently in Europian royalty and thus is sometimes known as "the royal disease". Queen Victoria shows a number of haemophilic descendents as she was a carrier of the disease. 

  Due to haemophilia, in an affected individual a small cut results in non stop bleeding. Due to continuous bleeding patient may die of blood loss.

  In this disease, a single protein that is a part of cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. There are two main types of haemophilia:
  • haemophilia A, which occur due to low amount of clotting factor VIII.
  • haemophilia B, which occurs due to low levels of clotting factor IX. 

  Being X linked recessive trait haemophilia show criss-cross inheritance. The heterozygous female (carrier) may transmit this disease to her sons. The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is extremely rare because mother of such a female has to be at least carrier and father should be haemophilic.

  The main treatment for haemophilia is called replacement therapy. Concentrates of clotting factor are slowly injected into a vein. This infusions help replace the clotting factor that's missing or low.


Location: India

Comments

Post a Comment

If you have any doubts,please let me know

Popular posts from this blog

Spermatogenesis : Definition & Process ||Class 12 Biology

By -
Image
    Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of spermatozoa (sperms) in the testes which originate from the primordial germ cells (PCGs).     The process of Spermatogenesis initiates at puberty and continues even in the old age.       The process of Spermatogenesis comprised the following two main stages- 1. Formation of spermatids 2. Spermiogenesis 1. Formation of spermatids : It include the following three phases- i) Multiplication Phase ii) Growth Phase iii) Maturation Phase   i) Multiplication Phase : During this phase, the immature germ cells present in the Seminiferous tubules of the testes known as spermatogonia increases in number by mitotic divisions and so that the newly formed spermatogonium possesses the same number at chromosomes.  ii) Growth Phase : Each spermatogonium is diploid (2n) and contains 46 chromosomes. Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes.  iii)  Maturation Phase : Primary spermatoc...
Read more

Sperm: Structure ||Class 12 Biology

By -
Image
     A mature spermatozoa or a sperm cell is a microscopic, tadpole-shaped structure of about 2-5 micrometer in diameter and 50 micrometer long. A plasma membrane encloses the whole body of sperm.      Sperm consists of head, neck, middle piece and tail.       1. Head: It is flat, oval and composed of a large haploid nucleus and a small cap-like structure called acrosome. It lies at the tip of the nucleus and is formed from the Golgi complex. It contains hydrolytic enzymes and is used to contact and penetrate the egg (ova) during fertilization.       2. Neck: Neck is the smallest part, it is short structure that contains two centrioles- one parallel to the base of the nucleus and called proximal centriole and other distal centriole perpendicular to the previous one. The proximal centriole enters into the egg during fertilization and starts the first cleavage division of the egg which has no centriole. The distal centriole give...
Read more

Antibody: Structure ||Class 12 Biology

By -
Image
      Antibodies are immunoglobulin (Ig)  molecules. An Antibody seems like a Y-shaped structure. Antibodies are of mainly 5 types such as, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and IgD.       Antibodies are glycoproteins. They are typically made of basic structural units that consists of four polypeptide chains: two identical large heavy (H) chains and two identical small light (L) chains connected by disulphide bonds. Hence, an Antibody is represented as H 2 L 2 . The size of an antibody molecule is about 10nm. Each of the four chains has two regions: the constant region and the variable region.         The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen via fragment antigen-binding (Fab) site of variable region. An antigen binding site is also called paratope, is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen. The part of antigen to which the paratope binds is called an epitope. The ability of an antibody to...
Read more